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Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the United States and France, along with its sister document the Treaty of Alliance, was one of two treaties signed on February 6, 1778 at the Hôtel de Crillon in Paris, France between the United States and France. The treaty established a commercial alliance between these two nations and was signed during the American Revolutionary War.
== Background ==
Early in 1776, as the members of the American Continental Congress began to move closer to declaring independence from Britain, leading American statesmen began to consider the benefits of forming foreign alliances to assist in their rebellion against the British Crown.〔(Model Treaty (1776) )〕 The most obvious potential ally was France, a long-time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the French and Indian War. As a result John Adams began drafting conditions for a possible commercial treaty between France and the future independent colonies of the United States, which declined the presence of French troops and any aspect of French authority in colonial affairs.〔(Model Treaty (1776) )〕 On September 25 the Continental Congress ordered commissioners, led by Benjamin Franklin, to seek a treaty with France based upon Adams's draft treaty that had later been formalized into a Model Treaty which sought the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with France but declined to mention any possible military assistance from the French government.〔(French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782 )〕 Despite orders to seek no direct military assistance from France, the American commissioners were instructed to work to acquire most favored nation trading relations with France, along with additional military aid, and also encouraged to reassure any Spanish delegates that the United States had no desire to acquire Spanish lands in the Americas, in the hopes that Spain would in turn enter a Franco-American alliance.〔(Model Treaty (1776 )〕
Despite an original openness to the alliance, after word of the Declaration of Independence and a British evacuation of Boston reached France, the French Foreign Minister, Comte de Vergennes, put off signing a formal alliance with the United States after receiving news of British victories over General George Washington in New York.〔(French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782 )〕 With the help of the Committee of Secret Correspondence, established by the Continental Congress to promote the American cause in France, and his standing as a model of republican simplicity within French society, Benjamin Franklin was able to gain a secret loan and clandestine military assistance from the Foreign Minister but was forced to put off negotiations on a formal alliance while the French government negotiated a possible alliance with Spain.〔(French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782 )〕
With the defeat of Britain at the Battle of Saratoga and growing rumors of secret British peace offers to Franklin, France sought to seize an opportunity to take advantage of the rebellion and abandoned negotiations with Spain to begin discussions with the United States on a formal alliance.〔(French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782 )〕 With official approval to begin negotiations on a formal alliance given by King Louis XVI of France, the colonies turned down a British proposal for reconciliation in January 1778〔(PERSPECTIVE on the FRENCH-AMERICAN ALLIANCE )〕 and began negotiations that would result in the signing of the Treaty of Alliance and Treaty of Amity and Commerce.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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